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Green, E.P. & Short, F.T.(eds). 2003. World Atlas of Seagrasses. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. 298 pp. a b c j. Inglis, Graeme (1999). "Variation in the recruitment behaviour of seagrass seeds: Implications for population dynamics and resource management". Pacific Conservation Biology. 5 (4): 251. doi: 10.1071/PC000251. Hemminga, Marten A.; Duarte, Carlos M. (2000). Seagrass Ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/cbo9780511525551. ISBN 978-0-521-66184-3. Genome information has shown further that adaptation to the marine habitat was accomplished by radical changes in cell wall composition. [17] [18] However the cell walls of seagrasses are not well understood. In addition to the ancestral traits of land plants one would expect habitat-driven adaptation process to the new environment characterized by multiple abiotic (high amounts of salt) and biotic (different seagrass grazers and bacterial colonization) stressors. [10] The cell walls of seagrasses seem intricate combinations of features known from both angiosperm land plants and marine macroalgae with new structural elements. [10] Taxonomy [ edit ]

Ehlers, A.; Worm, B.; Reusch, TBH (2008). "Importance of genetic diversity in eelgrass Zostera marina for its resilience to global warming". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 355: 1–7. Bibcode: 2008MEPS..355....1E. doi: 10.3354/meps07369.

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April 2021 Today, on 21st April 2021, work on England’s largest seagrass planting programme is taking place in Plymouth Sound National Marine Park. The Ocean Conservation Trust is an ocean conservation charity that focuses on 2 key areas: habitat restoration and behaviour change. Following a conservation pathway that has been proven to work, the charity’s approach puts people at the centre, working hard to create meaningful connections between people and the ocean as the first step to inspiring long-term behaviour change. This is done in tandem with more traditional conservation work surrounding the monitoring and restoration of crucial ocean habitats, with a particular focus on seagrasses www.oceanconservationtrust.org. Royal Yachting Association (RYA)

In a study of seagrass conservation in China, several suggestions were made by scientists on how to better conserve seagrass. They suggested that seagrass beds should be included in the Chinese conservation agenda as done in other countries. They called for the Chinese government to forbid land reclamation in areas near or in seagrass beds, to reduce the number and size of culture ponds, to control raft aquaculture and improve sediment quality, to establish seagrass reserves, to increase awareness of seagrass beds to fishermen and policy makers and to carry out seagrass restoration. [125] Similar suggestions were made in India where scientists suggested that public engagement was important. Also, scientists, the public, and government officials should work in tandem to integrate traditional ecological knowledge and socio-cultural practices to evolve conservation policies. [126]

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Reusch, T. B. H.; Ehlers, A.; Hammerli, A.; Worm, B. (2005). "Ecosystem recovery after climatic extremes enhanced by genotypic diversity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (8): 2826–2831. Bibcode: 2005PNAS..102.2826R. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0500008102. PMC 549506. PMID 15710890. This restoration work is part of England’s largest seagrass planting effort under the LIFE Recreation ReMEDIES partnership, led by Natural England. The process of restoring seagrass started last summer, with a team of volunteer snorkellers and divers collecting the seeds from existing meadows around the country. The seeds were then cultivated at Swansea University. Around 2,000 volunteers, aged 3-90 years old, including many school children who live in west Wales, helped by preparing small sand-filled hessian bags. Each of these bags is tied at metre intervals to a length of rope, to help secure them to the seafloor. Just before planting each bag had one scoop of seeds added to it. In total, 15km of seed bag rope was carefully dropped into Dale Bay, from a team on board a small boat. Over time, all of the natural materials used in the planting process will safely disintegrate, leaving the seagrass seedlings to take root and grow. Larkum AWD, James PL. Towards a model for inorganic carbon uptake in seagrasses involving carbonic anhydrase. In Kuo J, Phillips RC, Walker DI, Kirkman H, editors. Seagrass biology: Proceedings of an International Workshop. Nedlands: The University of Western Australia; 1996. pp. 191–196. Klap, VA; Hemminga, MA; Boon, JJ (2000). "Retention of lignin in seagrasses:angiosperms that returned to the sea". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 194: 1–11. Bibcode: 2000MEPS..194....1K. doi: 10.3354/meps194001.

Natural England and ReMEDIES partners plan to extend the benefits of this work beyond the UK to assist with international marine recovery efforts. Techniques and evidence gathered will be captured and shared with marine conservation organisations across Europe to allow them to learn from and replicate the work. a b Ugarelli, K., Chakrabarti, S., Laas, P. and Stingl, U. (2017) "The seagrass holobiont and its microbiome". Microorganisms, 5(4): 81. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms5040081. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Seagrasses form dense underwater seagrass meadows which are among the most productive ecosystems in the world. They function as important carbon sinks [3] and provide habitats and food for a diversity of marine life comparable to that of coral reefs. Newmaster, AF; Berg, KJ; Ragupathy, S.; Palanisamy, M.; Sambandan, K.; Newmaster, SG (23 November 2011). "Local Knowledge and Conservation of Seagrasses in the Tamil Nadu State of India". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 7 (1): 37. doi: 10.1186/1746-4269-7-37. ISSN 1746-4269. PMC 3269989. PMID 22112297.ReMEDIES is funded by the EU LIFE programme and led by Natural England in partnership with Ocean Conservation Trust (OCT), Marine Conservation Society, Royal Yachting Association and Plymouth City Council/Tamar Estuaries Consultative Forum. Darnell, Kelly; Dunton, Kenneth (2016). "Reproductive phenology of the subtropical seagrasses Thalassia testudinum (Turtle grass) and Halodule wrightii (Shoal grass) in the northwest Gulf of Mexico". Botanica Marina. 59 (6): 473–483. doi: 10.1515/bot-2016-0080. S2CID 88685282.

Koch, Evamaria W. (2001). "Beyond Light: Physical, Geological, and Geochemical Parameters as Possible Submersed Aquatic Vegetation Habitat Requirements". Estuaries. 24 (1): 1–17. doi: 10.2307/1352808. JSTOR 1352808. S2CID 85287808. Gloaguen, Vincent; Brudieux, Véronique; Closs, Brigitte; Barbat, Aline; Krausz, Pierre; Sainte-Catherine, Odile; Kraemer, Michel; Maes, Emmanuel; Guerardel, Yann (2010). "Structural Characterization and Cytotoxic Properties of an Apiose-Rich Pectic Polysaccharide Obtained from the Cell Wall of the Marine Phanerogam Zostera marina". Journal of Natural Products. 73 (6): 1087–1092. doi: 10.1021/np100092c. PMID 20465284.a b Jones, Clive G.; Lawton, John H.; Shachak, Moshe (1994). "Organisms as ecosystem engineers". Oikos. 69 (3): 373–386. doi: 10.2307/3545850. JSTOR 3545850. A total of 16,000 seagrass seed bags and 2,200 seedling bags are being planted by the Ocean Conservation Trust (OCT) as part of the LIFE Recreation ReMEDIES project being led by Natural England to help support and improve the resilience of our marine environment. Seagrass seeds being added to hessian bags before being planted in the Plymouth National Marine Park Short, F.T. & Coles, R.G.(eds). 2001. Global Seagrass Research Methods. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam. 473 pp. Seagrass beds/meadows can be either monospecific (made up of a single species) or in mixed beds. In temperate areas, usually one or a few species dominate (like the eelgrass Zostera marina in the North Atlantic), whereas tropical beds usually are more diverse, with up to thirteen species recorded in the Philippines. [ citation needed] Nordlund, Lina; Koch, Evamaria W.; Barbier, Edward B.; Creed, Joel C. (12 October 2016). Reinhart, Kurt O. (ed.). "Seagrass Ecosystem Services and Their Variability across Genera and Geographical Regions". PLOS ONE. 11 (10): e0163091. Bibcode: 2016PLoSO..1163091M. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163091. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5061329. PMID 27732600.